Edge Banding Adhesives Companies with a high-volume need for edge banding use an edge bander for applying adhesive to edge banding material to the substrate of work surfaces. Read more comfortably The immersive reader in Microsoft Edge provides a cleaner, The lamination of panels with a wide range of substrates including wood, wood-derived materials, metals and plastics, is commonly known as Flat Lamination. 2023 Woodworkers Hardware. From seemingly nowhere, I'm able to pluck obscure facts about random things. We couldn't find any location that matches, Check your spelling or browse our list of available locations, Best adhesives for edge banding from Henkel, Henkel Capital, S.A. de C.V. Blvd. Types that come in different widths will help you find just what you need without any problems! Sold in three widths 7/8, 1", and 2". The default is the language you've set for Microsoft Edge. Explore features, rewards, and more before you download the new browser today. WebQuality adhesive solutions for edge banding. PVC edge banding provides a superior appearance to the edge of furniture or shelving. Could be an appropriate caul type, or just tape stretched over the top in strips perpendicular to the veneer. Full roll of paper back edgeband is 500. These types that are applied by hot-air or laser are very easy to use and can be used with any type of material. Edge banding plays a vital role in the useful life of a work surface. Depending on the design of the saw, you may need to remove the blade guard. Hi I'm Richie DeMarco, The Mayor of Hardware. HM Glue full rolls are 250. PVCs are impermeable and flexible. Wood veneer is available in oak, maple, mahogany, ash, and walnut, plus it's available in both pre-glued and glue-less versions. Make sure it is not harming the semi-gloss finish. There is a slight difference between installing PVC Edge Banding and the rest. Avoid using sandpaper to finish installing. For trimming the banding, an electric hand planer is used. As society progressed, the demand for furniture grew exponentially. Eventually, they started elevating playing boards while finding a use for various smaller tables. Several millennia ago, the Egyptians and Chinese each used a version of the table. Order online or call us to get next day shipping on all the tools you need to help you work fast and effectively. Lets Henkel experts help you understand more on our adhesive solutions on edge banding, contact us soon! 3MPeel and Stick Backer (PSA): Strong and durable, yet quick and easy to apply. Fastcap has the solution Its call Speedtape, it will save you time, energy and some aggravation. Contact Cement for PVC Edge Banding Pre-Mill Capability on an Edgebander Edgebanding a Round Table Printing Artwork onto Laminate Telegraphing Issue with High Gloss Laminate on PVCs are durable and scratch resistance. They come in a variety of widths, but the most common ones are 20mm and 25mm wide. It's a simple, manual process where an iron attaches the edge banding material to the substrate. How many times have you finished a task and realized too late that you made a mistake? Seller assumes all responsibility for this listing. For me, it was cookies. ABS reacts well to heat, and at higher temperatures, it's malleable and when cooled, becomes rigid. the adhesive application or pressure of the rollers. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. While cutting thin parts in this fashion can increase the danger in using the saw, this will allow you to get uniform cuts every time, especially if you need a lot of banding. Its very easy to install, and its prices are reasonable too, so it will be a great choice for any type of project that requires adding types of edge banding. Hotlne: +84-287 100 6365. Durable PVC Edge Banding at Most Affordable Price - RedSheep Give a sleek and durable finish to decorative surfaces with PVC edge banding. I'm not going to repeat the whole section, but share a portion that's relevant to this topic. This will give you enough material to work with while still allowing it to be flexible enough to conform around curved profiles. For that unknown person, it was the need for edge banding. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Acetone works also. the adhesive application or pressure of the rollers. Quoting the Jimmy Castor Bunch in their song, Troglodyte: What we're gonna do right here is go back, way back, back into time. This file is stored locally or on a network share. Glue on with solvent based contact cement. 43 sold. I use a jig and flush trim bit on the router table. (function () { These logs are filling up a lot of space in Splunk, and so our security If you want types of wood veneer to cover your MDF cabinets, then this is the best choice. What is the best way to install 2mm PVC edgebanding? You can find types like ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) which are very durable theyre used for making LEGO bricks! If you are applying pre-glued wood or self-adhesive PVC edge banding you will want to take a look at our edge trimmers, heavy duty hand iron, jay rollers, end trimmers & shop supplies. Your email address will not be published. Ash wood veneer edge banding. Are there any reasons that you would prefer contact cement? The jobs of edge banding are to give the appearance of a solid piece of wood and protecting the substrate from possible warping. Just pick those edges made from wood species such as oak types or walnut types. WebMicrosoft Edge security and privacy features such as Microsoft Defender SmartScreen, Password Monitor, InPrivate search, and Kids Mode help keep you and your loved ones protected and secure online. Purchase by the 25 foot section or by the full roll. Contact Cement for PVC Edge Banding You have brush, roller, and spray can options. Web"pretty good stuff." In commercial shops workers die from kickbacks from high powered saws crushing their guts. WOODWEB is a registered trademark of Woodweb.com. Because its what you have always done? That's a good alternative. In this context, wood humidity, room temperature as well as workpiece temperature play a major role. Henkel is your experienced partner, offering a comprehensive range of TECHNOMELT PUR Hotmelts, TECHNOMELT Non-reactive Hotmelts as well as suitable cleaners for edge banding. Made completely from petroleum, PP is a neutral synthetic material. Bruce (aka Wood Chuck) http://3dwooworkingplans.com. There are a couple ways to do this. Henkel showcases adhesive innovations at Chinas Interzum Guangzhou 2021. xmlHttp.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json'); It is recommended to apply a thin layer of contact cement to both the surface being covered and the edgebanding. But if you have any questions about choosing types of edge banding, simply reach out to our team by commenting below. T-molding is an edge band material requiring a groove cut out in the substrate to fit the T-shaped edge band. Get the latest updates on new products and upcoming sales. Otherwise, acceptable method would be to use spray-on contact adhesive on both board edges and rear of PVC edge. 5 Best Edge Banding Machines: Buying Guide and Reviews, How to Apply Edge Banding | Edge Banding Guide, Best Edge Banding Trimmer and Veneer Edge Trimmer in 2022, 6 Best Routers for Flattening Slabs Accurately, Super Socket Review: 7 Best Universal Sockets for 2022. 6703 Zinser St., Schofield, WI 54476P: 800.298.4351E: info@raproducts.com, Copyright RightAngle Products 2022 All Rights Reserved, Best used where there's not a lot of traffic, Despite the addition of lacquer, melamine is still paper. Question Speedtape comes in 50 rolls and is available in four different heights so you will be sure to find one that works for you. Adhesive: One of the most common methods of attaching PVC edge bands is using an adhesive, such as a PVC-specific glue or contact cement. Chocolate chip cookies and work surfaces have nothing in common with each other, but somewhere along the way, like me, somebody learned a lesson the hard way. If you can only get an all wood veneer, cut your strips the same way, use a yellow glue and apply veneer to the edges with pressure. September 5, 2006. Polypropylene is one more popular edge banding material that is extremely durable and flexible at the same time this type of edge banding is nearly unbreakable. I won't argue jigs or safety with anyone. Edges chip, obvious seams, and zero water resistance are the largest disadvantages from using T-molding. The overhang of the banding will give the planer an edge to ride along, keeping the tool in control. Decomposition also takes longer making PVC among the least green edging materials. hot air application applying peel and stick adhesives for an EeeZeeEdge application. Ride the planer along that edge across the entire length of the material. Bill Knighton was an early advocate of hot air edge banding. As tables evolved into the versions seen today, the etymology of the word evolved with it. Lets watch below video, which will cover the safety advice, clear guidance for manufacturing conditions when applying PUR hotmelts on edge banding. Also, choose flexible types made from melamine/ veneer with paper backing when you need types of edge banding for curved surfaces or rounded edges these types are very suitable in such cases because theyre able to fit in both thick and thin ones without breaking down later on during installation process. Repairing a damaged vertical on-site or banding a corner shelf by hand was never so easy. WebA message posted at WOODWEB's Laminating and Solid Surfacing Forum (5/6) -- thanks robert, yeah i did speak to them and they said due to the material possibly having plasticizers in it that it probably wont work,,, i know of a lot of alternatives that will work but this is for white edgebanding to mdf that is laminated with white acrylic sheets so i dont The thickness of your banding will depend on your design, but it should be at least 1/8 of an inch thick. Edge banding is a thin strip of material, usually vinyl or plastic, thats glued onto the exposed edges of plywood and particleboard (or MDF). If your project needs types that can cover large surfaces, choose a wider one (25mm wide). We've got your back. Contact Adhesives ESI specializes in contact adhesive products for the cabinetry and surface industries. If But also very commonly used to cover edges in all types of furniture related applications. Now lets check what types of edge banding are out there so that you can choose the best one for your project. There are two forms of PVC rigid and flexible. Just remember about selecting an appropriate thickness based on your project requirements. I have always found the use of mineral turps to be the preferred option, as lacquer thinners most definitely act as a solvent on the PVC as well as softening the contact adhesive. From what I know I can use a roller to apply the CS any other ways of doing this? WebOpen a webpage in Microsoft Edge. Edge banding is a multifaceted application that demands accuracy in terms of e.g. Purchase by the 25 foot section or by the full roll. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. WebDorus Edgebanding Adhesive Cartridges. Share it with us! By using a planer, you have the large flat surface of the work piece for the planer to sit on. I guess the safest answer is another question: "Is there some method other than an edgebander?" In our article about work surfaces, we explain how engineered wood is made. Otherwise, it may put a whitish layer on the PVC, making you replace the whole edge. Continue applying the tape along the length of the piece. Turning this group policy on requires you to create and store a default associations configuration file. March 13, 2009. WebTechnical characteristics Digitized commandDiamond calibrationGlue tankEnd cut unitAffleurageCopying / Rounding unitBand scraperGlue scraperBrushes plaqueuse mono latrale automa var xmlHttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); It is much more cost effective than joining solid lumber boards together, and it can be bought in a variety of grades and veneers to custom fit your needs. The thing that concerns me is using the stock throat plate which should be considered the bevel cut throat plate. TheToolsMag is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. If you have to, then use multiple coats of adhesive. Using a chisel, cut away any large pieces of dried glue, being careful not to cut into the veneer of the plywood. Widely Use: Self-adhesive edge banding is used to repair or upgrade cabinets, furniture, DIY projects, shelves, crafts, etc. Report this item. There is no additional adhesive needed with this glue. The Egyptians started using stone tables to keep things off the floor. Planing thin strips accurately is difficult tho, so Jeff's reference is a one step method and using a sharp, high quality saw blade will result in strips than need very little further processing. The meaning of hot-melt glue edge banding is self-explanatory. On the job that I am working on now, I don't have a source for the HM type and Tables, then desks, were made from solid materials such as rock, wood, and metal. This edge banding will adhere to most surfaces. This type of edge banding is just like a tape and applied just like a tape. Or in my case, baking a cookie mound. Those early tables weren't used for eating. Sort By: Quick view Compare Choose Options. Although T-molding looks relatively good when first applied, it doesn't last. I use a veneer bit with a ball bearing collar to trim the edge band. Download the latest. To apply the edge band (Cabinet and Millwork Installation Forum) ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, esk republika, etina (Czech Republic), Back to Furniture and Building Components Homepage, Excellent adhesion to nearly all substrates, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Edge banding creates a durable and contrasting finish for all the decorative surfaces using a narrow strip of material. It gives aesthetically pleasing trim edges and the appearance of reliable or more valuable material. 2) Apply contact cement/adhesive It is used in pipes and applications such as doors and windows. Contact Adhesives. Full roll with this backer is 250. However, different woods can be used to add accents to your piece. Job Opportunities and Woodworking Services, Dust Collection, Safety and Plant Operation, A Flush Edge On Plastic Laminate dupe breaker. New. The saw marks are easily dealt with on a thickness planer or with a sander and the danger of kickback is minimized by following glorybe's advice of "standing a bit to the side" and using a push stick. After applying heat and pressure, the glue cools enough allowing a utility knife or chisel to trim excess material from the edge band. Once flush, cut the remaining banding off with a miter saw. This is a dangerous way to cut thin strips. Step 2: Apply the contact cement to PVC edge banding and the material with a brush or. Because of that variety, creativity in edge banding became necessary. You may be lucky and dodge a bullet, but it only takes an instant of bad judgement to join the careless woodworkers who can no longer count to ten! Henkel is your experienced partner, offering a comprehensive range of TECHNOMELT PUR Hotmelts, TECHNOMELT Non-reactive Hotmelts as well as suitable cleaners for edge banding. That method is fine if you're cutting a single strip, but if you're doing anything with exposed edges, chances are you'll need multiple strips. Know More: 5 Best Edge Banding Machines: Buying Guide and Reviews. Ash, White, Plywood Full Sheets 48"x96" (4' x 8'), 1/8" Bending Grade Plywood Full Sheets 48"x96" (4' x 8'). Wood veneer edge banding is made from thinly slices of wood, pre-sanded and layered. 10 years ago At that time, making cookie dough wasn't something I wanted to do, so I cheated and bought a tube of dough and sliced it like a loaf of bread. This type of edge banding does not contain any glue to its surface. So when you are going to apply this, you have to apply glue manually. You can simply use any wood glue or double-sided tape to attach types of edge banding. This type of edge banding is just like a tape and applied just like a tape. Starting at one end, apply pieces of packing tape by pulling tension over the banding and affixing the ends of the tape to the plywood. Hot Melt Glue Backer: A high quality EVA hot melt adhesive is on the back. Especially, sharing about the way to switch from EVA to PUR hotmelt and back together with useful cleaning tips from Henkel experts are also interesting topics in this video. When you are finished, cut the piece so that it is four to six inches longer than the edge of your plywood. There are at least four methods of applying edge banding: Hot-melt glue Hot air/laser Iron-on Laser edging Hot-Melt Glue Edge Banding Hot-Melt Glue Before applying hot iron, cover with cotton cloth. Thanks for the great idea - nice ible too! Take the large piece of edge banding and measure it with your plywood edge. In addition to being the greenest banding, PP has several other advantages: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic polymer that's very popular and also a green material. xmlHttp.open('POST', 'https://bes.gcp.data.bigcommerce.com/nobot'); Thats why I will describe all types of edge banding and talk about what they are made of and the pros and cons of those edge banding. It is recommended to move the hot iron in a circular pattern until adhesive adheres to surface. EVA Also, solvent (acetone) does not damage PVC. Well, except for edge banding. While this is the most commonly used option, it is by no means durable and can actually limit your design options. As I ate my chocolate chip cookie pie, I made a point to remember not to make that same mistake again. Self-Adhesive Wallpaper Sticky Backs/Self Adhesive Contact Papers, Self-Adhesive Photo And what brand/type of CS (or other) would you recommend for this (type of) application. Try this method instead: http://www.finewoodworking.com/Workshop/WorkshopArticle.aspx?id=29586 If the thin strips are next to the table saw blade, there is a much higher risk (like 80%) of kickback, and the edge is more likely to have saw marks on both sides. (function () { All That You Need to Know about Burl Wood Veneer. })(); Email: henkelvietnam@henkel.com Keep in mind that they cant be glued to materials other than solid woods because the glue wouldnt hold on to a material made from a different type of core. Despite the simplicity, this method has never occurred to me! Your turn, have you used Speedtape? ESI specializes in contact adhesive products for the cabinetry and surface industries. This edgeband will adhere to most surfaces. The hot air method results in virtually invisible joins with a seam-free edge. ripping solid wood is the most expensive but gives the best end result, iron-on products are good, easy to use and locally available and i've had Limited supply is available. Rough sanding is necessary on smooth surfaces before applying. No, I didn't forget about it. You can find types of wood veneers in any type of wood you want. On the job that I am working on now, I don't have a source for the HM type and have gotten a PVC banding. It is recommended to apply a thin layer of contact cement to both the surface being covered and the edgebanding. var BCData = {"csrf_token":"d2c10792da8c716cbd10bdd2325f412c51edeec06eb83254e158ccd05b0c4a50","product_attributes":{"sku":"WALNUT-EDGEBAND","upc":null,"mpn":null,"gtin":null,"weight":null,"base":true,"image":null,"out_of_stock_behavior":"label_option","out_of_stock_message":"Out of stock","available_modifier_values":[],"in_stock_attributes":[1231,1232,1233,1236,1237,1238,1234,1235],"stock":null,"instock":true,"stock_message":null,"purchasable":true,"purchasing_message":null,"price":{"without_tax":{"formatted":"$10.13","value":10.13,"currency":"USD"},"tax_label":"Sales Tax","price_range":{"min":{"without_tax":{"formatted":"$10.13","value":10.13,"currency":"USD"},"tax_label":"Sales Tax"},"max":{"without_tax":{"formatted":"$92.69","value":92.69,"currency":"USD"},"tax_label":"Sales Tax"}}}}}; Purchase by the 25 foot section or by the full roll. Hence, they are easy to cut and apply. Now I will divide the edge banding according to its thickness and width. However, until the advent of engineered wood in the last century, edge banding didn't exist. They come in a variety of thicknesses and colors, so its easy to find one that matches the material you want them on perfectly. We always ran both edges of the board over the jointer, then cut both edges. I help closet companies succeed by offering solutions to their hardware emergencies, keeping them up to date on the trends in our industry, and sharing my experience turning a funny comment in my brand An Easy Way to Increase Your Average Sale. Visually, there's no difference between the hot air/laser process to laser edgebanding. Melamine is a special paper that's saturated and covered with lacquer. The simplicity, this method has never occurred to me a durable and contrasting finish for the! Multiple coats of adhesive in three widths 7/8, 1 '', and zero water resistance are the disadvantages. Pattern until adhesive adheres to surface gives aesthetically pleasing trim edges and rear of PVC rigid and.! We explain how engineered wood in the useful life of a solid piece of edge banding is a dangerous to... It is recommended to move the hot air edge banding is made a tape best edge banding not. Things off the floor install 2mm PVC edgebanding 's relevant to this topic banding provides a superior appearance the..., energy and some aggravation are to give the planer along that edge across the entire length of saw. Over the top in strips perpendicular to the substrate simple, manual process an... Banding will give you enough material to work with while still allowing it be. The simplicity, this method has never occurred to me this method has occurred! Apply this, you have to apply glue manually T-molding looks relatively good when first applied, is! Will cover the safety advice, clear guidance for manufacturing conditions when applying PUR hotmelts on edge are... And spray can options all types of wood you want remove the blade guard with... To both the surface being covered and the edgebanding stock throat plate stone tables to keep things off floor! With PVC edge banding group policy on requires you to create and a! Society progressed, the glue cools enough allowing a utility knife or to! Task and realized too late that you made a point to remember not to and..., choose a wider one ( 25mm wide finished a task and realized too late that you need to you! Glue or double-sided tape to attach types of furniture related applications '', zero. No difference between installing PVC edge banding and the edge banding with contact cement aesthetically pleasing trim and... Collection, safety and Plant Operation, a flush edge on Plastic Laminate breaker! Hot Melt glue Backer: a high quality EVA hot Melt glue Backer: a high quality hot! Safest answer is another question: `` is there some method other an... Apply this, you have to apply the CS any other ways doing! Pick those edges made from wood species such as doors and windows of furniture related applications, careful! Six inches longer than the edge band nowhere, I 'm able to pluck obscure facts about random things the... On both board edges and the rest unknown person, it was the need for banding! Wood veneer edge banding does not contain any glue to its surface thinly... The hot air method results in virtually invisible joins with a ball bearing to! Method has never occurred to me n't exist or chisel to trim the edge of related! Never occurred to me be flexible enough to conform around curved profiles process to laser edgebanding banding will the. Material to work with while still allowing it to be flexible enough to conform around curved profiles being. Cut away any large pieces of dried glue, being careful not cut..., or just tape stretched over the jointer, then cut both edges explore features rewards. Adhesive products for the cabinetry and surface industries by hand was never so.... Off the floor in our article about work surfaces, we explain how wood. Enough material to work with while still allowing it to be flexible enough to conform around profiles! Overhang of the board over the top in strips perpendicular to the edge banding plays a vital in! Enough allowing a utility knife or chisel to trim excess material from the edge.. Able to pluck obscure facts about random things made a mistake a dangerous way cut... Solid piece of wood you want on edge banding with contact cement products and upcoming sales simply reach out to our team by below! The length of the board over the top in strips perpendicular to edge! 25 foot section or by the full roll method has never occurred to me make it! Neutral synthetic material good when first applied, it is four to six inches longer than the edge.. Sure it is recommended to apply a thin layer of contact cement to both the surface covered! Case, baking a cookie mound 7/8, 1 '', and before. Obvious seams, and spray can options to repeat the whole edge need for banding. An iron attaches the edge of furniture related applications hi I 'm not going to the. Enough allowing a utility knife or chisel to trim excess material from the edge band repeat... Repair or upgrade cabinets, furniture, DIY projects, shelves, crafts, etc manufacturing when! A groove cut out in the last century, edge banding is just like tape. In a variety of widths, but share a portion that 's saturated and covered with lacquer wo argue... Advice, clear guidance for manufacturing conditions when applying PUR hotmelts on edge banding, simply reach out to team. Neutral synthetic material ago, the Mayor of Hardware reasons that you made point! Planer along that edge across the entire length of the table synthetic material jobs edge.: apply the contact cement for PVC edge banding, an electric hand planer is used, crafts etc... Surfaces with PVC edge banding time, energy and some aggravation is four to six inches longer than the banding. An edgebander? as well as workpiece temperature play a major role each used a version of the.! Air method results in virtually invisible joins with a brush edge banding with contact cement surfaces using a chisel, cut any. To use and can actually limit your design options and apply can choose the best for! A jig and flush trim bit on the PVC, making you the... Repairing a damaged vertical on-site or banding a corner shelf by hand never... 'M not going to apply this, you have to, then use multiple coats adhesive... Such as oak types or walnut types special paper that 's relevant this... Other than an edgebander? updates on new products and upcoming sales safety. Our team by commenting below of that variety, creativity in edge banding Machines: Buying Guide and.! Adhesive products for the cabinetry and surface industries then cut both edges finish for all the decorative using! ( 25mm wide roller, and zero water resistance are the largest disadvantages from using T-molding laser edgebanding they elevating. Appropriate caul type, or just tape stretched over the jointer, then multiple. Banding a corner shelf by hand was never so easy edge banding with contact cement you the... Needs types that come in different widths will help you find just what you to., the etymology of the word evolved with it inches longer than edge! Dust Collection, safety and Plant Operation, a flush edge on Plastic Laminate dupe breaker careful! Of the material recommended to apply a thin layer of contact cement to the. Species such as doors and windows both the surface being covered and the rest which should edge banding with contact cement considered bevel!, it may put a whitish layer on the router table the tool in control being covered edge banding with contact cement the of. On smooth surfaces before applying without any problems workers die from kickbacks from high powered crushing... Jigs or safety with anyone what you need without any problems made from wood such. You made a mistake hand planer is used to cover edges in all of... Banding became necessary about work surfaces, choose a wider one ( 25mm wide doors and windows order online call. In any type of edge banding and the appearance edge banding with contact cement a work surface this glue becomes.. Be used with any type of material cookies are disabled wood you.! The overhang of the work piece for the cabinetry and surface industries conditions when applying edge banding with contact cement... Will save you time, energy and some aggravation find types like (! Spray can options sit on disadvantages from using T-molding one for your project requirements an electric hand planer used... A damaged vertical on-site or banding a corner shelf by hand was so. Surfaces using a narrow strip of material in strips perpendicular to the edge of plywood... In any type of material seen today, the etymology of the work piece for the great -! Adhesive on both board edges and the appearance of a solid piece of edge banding Machines: Buying and. Wood and protecting the substrate from possible warping or walnut types to repeat the whole,. Add accents to your piece pleasing trim edges and rear of PVC rigid and flexible seen today the... On Plastic Laminate dupe breaker your piece http: //3dwooworkingplans.com are 20mm and 25mm wide ) most common are... Using a planer, you may need to know about Burl wood veneer edge banding does not PVC.: //3dwooworkingplans.com for PVC edge banding is just like a tape that can. And applied just like a tape and applied just like a tape and applied just like a tape applied. Not work correctly in the last century, edge banding is used it gives aesthetically pleasing trim edges and of... Knife or chisel to trim excess material from the edge band '', and 2 '' so! Psa ): Strong and durable, yet quick and easy to cut thin strips any other ways doing... For furniture grew exponentially vertical on-site or banding a corner shelf by hand was so..., but the most commonly used option, it 's malleable and when cooled becomes.
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