The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). 3 What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). Salinity and Sodicity/alkalinity are the major problems that resulted in the valley due to irrigation practices in the enterprise. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. Therefore, it is expected from the government of Ethiopia to develop a new developmental plan that benefits all farmers in terms of utilizing arable farmland for the sustainable use of the current and future generations. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The aim of the current study was to assess the major animal health problems and their impact on beef cattle production in Doba district of West Harerghe Zone, Ethiopia. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). 1. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. (2010). It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. The present study showed that the . This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, 2020) (Tables 1 and 2). Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . What are the two types of dynamic programming? 36 likes 22,568 views. In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Shekuru et al. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). But this has been used for fuel as the forest trees diminished. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. The study area was purposively selected, and a simple random sampling method was used to selected households' fatteners from each kebele and interviewed using structured questionnaires. The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). The allocation and utilization of resources through the channels mainly face corruptions that ultimately resulted in food insecurity through jeopardizing crop and livestock production and fisheries. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. rahulsharma789888. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. This is one of the leading issues that they are facing every day. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., 2014; OECD, 2011). This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Land degradation. Benin (2006) finds out that land degradation constraints caused a lowering of the likelihood of using reduced tillage and the value of crop yield per hectare. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Preface PART I: THE SETTING One-Introduction Two-Socio-Economic Characteristics PART II AGRICULTURE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION Three-Growth in Agricultural Output and Area Four-Land Tenure System Five- Agricultural Credit Six-Marketing Organisations Seven-Community Development Programme PART III :AGRICULTURE SINE THE REVOLUTION Eight-Agrarian Reform Implimentation of land Reform Appendix I Appendix . Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) ( UNDESA, 2015.... `` Necessary '' plants to survive in the major problems of agriculture in ethiopia and have long been as. 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