When journalists covering elections focus primarily on whos winning or losing instead of policy issues whats known as horse race reporting voters, candidates and the news industry itself suffer, a growing body of research has found. In 2008, a financial crisis that in its own way is as dire as 9/11 is being covered in ways that are divisive and infuriating. Voters can put their money on Bush today, but switch to Kerry with a tweak of the AP Wire. Mass Communication and Society, 2015. A total of 1,078 articles were examined. The media's coverage of congressional elections often focuses on which candidate is ahead in that day's polling, which political scientists refer to as "horse-race coverage." This type of news coverage tends to favor polling numbers and the drama of the campaign over substantive issues. Sally Buzbee, executive editor of the Associated Press, called on the media to spend less time, or perhaps no time at all, on horse-race surveys that project forward to the 2020 presidential election. She made her remarks on CNNsReliable Sources program on Sunday. We expected public shareholder-controlled news organizations to be most likely to resort to game-framed news because of their tendency to emphasize the profit motive over other goals; in fact, privately owned large chains are slightly more likely to use the game frame in their campaign news coverage at mean levels of electoral competition, Dunaway and Lawrence write. However, the tracker will not be available until the end of the year. What Predicts the Game Frame? How well does it use the tools of its particular medium (hyperlinks, sidebars or on-air references to Web site URLs) to promote stories or resources that give uncertain voters what they need to know to make better decisions?. Griping about how the media covers the Presidential campaign is as much a part of the quadrennial tradition as the Iowa State Fair Soapbox, or wooden eggs at St. Anselm's in New Hampshire. HOW TO GET IT RIGHT: When covering an individual poll, put its findings into perspective by noting historic trends and what other recent polls show. News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: Horse Race Reporting Has ConsequencesThomas E. Patterson. He notes that the structure of the nominating process lends itself to horse race reporting. Please send your responses at Its hard to dislike my email notifications, but its hard to dislike my Twitterfeed, and its hard to dislike my RSSfeed. It offers traditional coverage of the game event as well as opportunities for audience members to share opinions and engage with one another. According to the metaphor, election polls are valuable to journalists because they can inform the spectator who is leading in the race and if a candidates standing is improving or degrading throughout the campaign. The winner will take home $6.2 million. Detailed details regarding the problems and the politicians perspectives may be found in abundance in American newspapers. HOW TO GET IT RIGHT: While many news outlets will cover the midterms as a race to control Congress, its important that journalists also examine the implications of the election and what the research says about how U.S. presidential approval ratings influence voter choices. But as noted earlier, comparatively little time is devoted to it on the local TV news. b. cover campaigns by emphasizing the relative standings of the candidates in the polls rather than the issues they discuss. A president who appears on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon is embracing what type of media coverage? Research finds that the presidents political party usually loses seats in Congress during midterm elections and that the loss is larger when the presidents party also controls Congress. Several decades of academic research have discovered that horse racing reporting is associated with: Inaccurate reporting of opinion poll results, And a general lack of confidence in politicians and news organizations, Has a negative impact for female political candidates, who prefer to concentrate on policy concerns in order to gain credibility. Whereas traditional horse race coverage focuses on unusual polls, political candidates losing or gaining public support, or speculation about who will win an election, some news outlets are able to conduct sophisticated analyses of data from multiple polls to more precisely predict the top candidates' odds of winning. Unfortunately, most of the times, those in the first category are always one step ahead.5. The New York Times launched an alive tracker to assist readers in navigating a congested field. Horse-race journalism dominated primary coverage, argues new Harvard study. There is a never-ending supply of newsworthy content to cover on a daily basis. It's unlikely journalists will stop covering elections as a competitive game, despite researchers' warnings that it can harm voters and others. (Generally speaking, the most vocal opponents of horse-race coverage are those who are lagging in the polls.) Riders must ride in a safe manner and follow the prescribed course, jumping every hurdle (if present). It is becoming increasingly clear that when journalists covering elections concentrate solely on who is winning or losing rather than on policy problems both voters and the news profession as a whole suffer, according to a growing body of studies. Hispanic voter turnout rose 50%. An anti-doping rule violation is a breach of one, or more, of nine anti-doping rule violations an athlete or support person can commit under BEFAR. By framing politics as a strategic game and thereby undermining trust not only in politics but also in the media, the media may thus simultaneously weaken the incentives for people to follow the news in mainstream media and strengthen the incentives for people to turn to alternative news sources, write the authors, David Nicolas Hopmann, an associate professor at University of Southern Denmark, Adam Shehata, a senior lecturer at the University of Gothenburg, and Jesper Strmbck, a professor at the University of Gothenburg. The reason audiences seek out horse race stories is because they find them more interesting than stories summarizing candidates issue positions, he writes in a piece published by NBC News. May 29, 2022. Their examination reveals that privately-owned, large-chain publications behave similarly to publications controlled by shareholders. Where can I find the equine Anti-Doping guide in Lausanne? I think that its good advice to say go to political scientists and experts and statisticians when in doubt, its good to reach out to professionals, he says. When you look at which story the media emphasized in covering issues, you are examining the ____________ of the media. According to Burden, an open primary in New Hampshire, new remote caucus regulations in Iowa, and early voting in California might all play a role in the upcoming Democratic primary. We are constantly working to make the racing environment safer and have made improvements in recent years to hurdles, fences and other elements of racecourses, to ensure they present as low a risk as possible based on monitoring and analysis of statistical evidence. Stay connected with our media team at @AP_CorpComm To stay up to date on corporate announcements and get a behind-the-scenes look at our newsgathering process, visit The Definitive Source. Give an advantage to novel and unusual candidates. horse race media coverage ap gov. An excessive amount of internal baseball obsession with fundraising, staff shake-ups, and out-of-context gaffes, and an insufficient amount of thorough examination of the applicants backgrounds and character. The media serves as ____________ between the people and policymakers. Looking for more information on horse race reporting and opinion polls? This paper, which also looks at news coverage of opinion polls in Denmark, finds that Danish journalists dont do a great job reporting on opinion polls. While many scholars and industry leaders argue news outlets should curb or eliminate horse race coverage, some say they would have fewer concerns if news stories were more accurate. by Denise-Marie Ordway, The Journalist's Resource April 6, 2022, This and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.. The same can be said of the space in many newspapers. Media Ownership, Electoral Context, and Campaign NewsJohanna Dunaway and Regina G. Lawrence. Develop an argument as to whether horse race coverage has had a positive or negative . Despite the fact that the public is being exposed to more data, it is not learning much about the candidates and where they stand on policy issues. Our collection of research on opinion polls digs into such things as polling errors and the relationship between media coverage and polling. The presss attention to early winners, and its tendency to afford them more positive coverage than their competitors, is not designed to boost their chances, but thats a predictable effect, he writes. Poll numbers receive far too much attention, according to detractors, and far too little attention is paid to the issues themselves, they claim. Theyve been substantive, instructive, and timely in their presentation. A burgeoning body of research shows that horse-race coverage curtails voter turnout, undermines public respect for the democratic process, disadvantages female candidates, and helped get Donald . He was 86. WHAT TO AVOID: Narrowly focusing this years midterm election coverage on whether Republicans or Democrats will secure top offices, including seats in the U.S. House and Senate. The study also finds that younger journalists and those who work for online news organizations are less likely to consider it their job to interpret polls for the public. normatec contraindications > what type of plate class is a regular car > horse race media coverage ap gov Westwood, Messing and Lelkes point out that probabilistic forecasting might have contributed to Clintons loss of the 2016 presidential election. slideshare.net. Media Ownership, Electoral Context, and Campaign News, Contagious Media Effects: How Media Use and Exposure to Game-Framed News Influence Media Trust, Transforming Stability into Change: How the Media Select and Report Opinion Polls, The Nate Silver Effect on Political Journalism: Gatecrashers, Gatekeepers, and Changing Newsroom Practices Around Coverage of Public Opinion Polls, News Reporting of Opinion Polls: Journalism and Statistical Noise, academic scholars are more likely to be included in horse race stories than issue coverage, Far-right, far-left media offer easier-to-read political news coverage than mainstream outlets, study suggests, How the health care sector contributes to climate change: a research roundup and explainer, Antisemitism on the rise: A research roundup, The National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation, How to make a donation to The Journalists Resource, Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). We also have compiled and summarized several academic studies and commentaries on the subject. Our national equine anti-doping programme seeks to protect the welfare of horse competing in our sport. Like most young people, students at your college are likely to get most of their campaign news from. In some parts of the U.S., local organizations hold straw polls online or at events to get a sense of who voters favor. Turnout among Americas youngest voters adults aged 18 to 29 years jumped 79% from 2014 to 2018, more than any other age group. Horse race coverage looks something like this: at the beginning of the campaign, a candidate gets off to a fast start, quickly becomes fatigued, regains strength only after a quarter of the race, loses speed again, and falls back on the back straight, only to make it to the finish line by a short head and win the race in the final stretch. Early Media Coverage Focuses on Horse Race. However, 58 percent of the articles mention change in their title, they write. When political journalism was first established in the United States in the mid-20th century, it was often regarded as a nonpartisan intermediary between politicians and voters. Some getting short shrift or . He points out that a candidate whos performing well usually is portrayed positively while one who isnt doing as well has his or her weakest features put before the public., Patterson asserts that primary election coverage is the inverse of what would work best for voters. Most voters dont truly engage the campaign until the primary election stage, he writes. (TOP 5 Tips) , Horse race journalism is a controversial form of political coverage. Notice that the sentence contains two sets of words in parentheses. Tripp Commons is one of many official polling places for UW-Madison students who live on campus. The presss attention to early winners, and its tendency to afford them more positive coverage than their competitors, is not designed to boost their chances, but thats a predictable effect.. OffTrackBetting.com is a fully licensed, regulated and U.S. based website, allowing active wagering members to watch live Horse Racing & Greyhound Racing anywhere you can access the Internet. Another campaign service is provided by regular handicapping, which is especially important in the age of FiveThirtyEight, when polling analysis has grown more robust. Our Mission Dedicated to fan participation and viewer proliferation of horse racing worldwide! What if we imagined the coverage of Super Tuesday the way we experience the Super Bowl?, Clark asks. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2016. This type of election coverage is also increasingly being called into question by the public. In the paper, Projecting Confidence: How the Probabilistic Horse Race Confuses and Demobilizes the Public, Westwood and his coauthors question whether this new form of horse race reporting might have influenced the 2016 presidential election, which Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton was projected to win. This practice of concentrating on the expected outcome of an election rather than the factors that influence that outcome is usually referred to as horse race journalism, and many journalistic experts believe that it is detrimental to democratic institutions and processes. Thomas E. Patterson, professor of government and the press at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, says election coverage often does not delve into policy issues and candidates stances on them. To improve the integrity and safety of horseracing by requiring a uniform anti-doping and medication control program to be developed and enforced by an independent Horseracing Anti-Doping and Medication Control Authority. Indeed, their combined coverage of issues amounted to just 32 minutes and seemingly battled in vain with the non-policy focus on aspects such as Hillary Clinton's emails and Donald Trump's. "For journalists, the horse-race metaphor provides a framework for analysis. As a result, horse racing journalism adds to the depolitization of the sport and the trivialization of spectacle. Cristobal Herrera of the EPA-EFE This should come as no surprise to anyone who has followed the election news over the last few years. How to use horse race in a sentence. This appears to be a reasonable ratio, given that the horse races whos up/down whos status might alter on a regular basis. According to many of the critics, the media must do more to cover the genuine problems that potential Democratic primary voters are considering while casting their ballots. When candidates converge on topics, as is frequently the case in the Democratic presidential primary, horse-race coverage can also assist people make up their minds about what to vote for. Horse-race coverage of election campaigns means much less coverage of, When media outlets focus on who is leading or losing in the presidential campaign polls, instead of focusing on issues or policy, it is known as reporting on, ____________ employ media strategies to influence the public agenda, Because they have an overriding economic interest, the media often use ______________ to attract and keep audiences. 19, no. How is freedom of the press guaranteed in the United States? The media's practice of covering elections like a horse race, with favorites and long shots, has always had critics. The authors note that earlier research indicates people who dont trust mainstream media often turn to tabloids for news. Dont just cover one, but look at the full picture, Larsen says. Over the course of the presidential election campaign in the United States, election coverage has been geared around addressing one specific question: Who is going to win? It should come as no surprise that journalists are interested in forecasting the outcome of the election, but is this activity beneficial? We spent several days writing down anyone ideas. News Reporting of Opinion Polls: Journalism and Statistical NoiseYosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 472(1), 119128, Broh, C. A., Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 472(1), 119128. It can easily be complicated stuff.. The British Horse Racing Authority (BHA) also publish a list of withdrawal and detection times, but this should be used as a guide only. The public receives less information about public policies and candidates positions on important issues. By completing this form, you agree to receive communications from The Journalist's Resource and to allow HKS to store your data. Bhatti and Pedersen find that journalists often interpreted two poll results as different from each other when, considering the polls uncertainty, it actually was unclear whether one result was larger or smaller than the other. The challenge of interpreting public opinion is a collective one, he writes, and scholarship which merely chastises journalists for their shortcomings does not offer a productive path forward.. What is the horseracing integrity and Safety Act of 2020? Even when his real operations and issues are on hold, the president generates his own virtual news agenda through the use of social media platforms such as Twitter. Consider combining poll results and reporting averages to give audiences the most accurate picture of public sentiment. Horse race journalism has the potential to disrupt and affect the outcome of an election by reporting on which candidate is currently leading the polls on a consistent basis. horse race journalism. In In Defense of the Horse Race, published on Poynters website in 2008, Clark praises The Boston Globes Super Bowl coverage, pointing out that football fans interact energetically with the Globes website. These states also feature a thriving array of online political sites, such as theNevada Independent, Iowa Starting Line, and New Hampshire Journal, as well as small-town and ethical publications such as theFoster Daily Democrat and the Charleston Chronicle. Multiple studies published over the last decade point out problems in the way journalists interpret and report on opinion polls. Another benefit is that media have a natural incentive in portraying a race as open for as long as possible since the interest in its outcome would otherwise wane if it were to be decided early on in the process. Definitions. The two researchers analyzed the poll coverage provided by seven Danish newspapers before, during and after the 2011 parliamentary election campaign a 260-day period from May 9, 2011 to Jan. 23, 2012. The doping phenomenon in sports is increasing and diversifying, as are the drugs used for doping. This study, based on in-depth interviews with 41 U.S. journalists, media analysts and public opinion pollsters, documents changes in how news outlets cover public opinion. Whats needed to make horse racing safer? 1. Horse race coverage is partly to blame for the car wreck that was the 2016 election, Patterson writes in a December 2016 working paper, News Coverage of the 2016 General Election: How the Press Failed the Voters.. It divides people into five categories: those who are running, those who are likely to run, those who might run, those who are unlikely to run, and those who are not running. The election also follows the adoption of a new voting law in Texas that resulted in the rejection of at least 18,000 mail-in ballots cast during the states March primary. CNN has scheduled full-hour townhalls in prime time for all of the contenders, even the long-shots. Voters points of view According to research, partisans get more eager when their candidate is in the lead and less enthusiastic when their candidacy is in the lurch when their campaign is lagging. Atkin, C. K., and Gaudino, J. It entails reporting on politics using sports metaphors as a vehicle for communication. This unit covers how citizens participate directly and indirectly in the government of the United States. It may also increase their likelihood of voting for the candidate who is lagging a phenomenon known as the underdog effect. In other words, Zoizner writes, this coverage leads to a specific public perception of politics that is dominated by a focus on political actors motivations for gaining power rather than their substantive concerns for the common good.. According to Burden, an open primary in New Hampshire, new remote caucus regulations in Iowa, and early voting in California might all have an impact on the Democratic primary. He writes that journalists should use horse race coverage to grab audiences attention and direct them toward more in-depth coverage. A project of Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center and the Carnegie-Knight Initiative, The Journalists Resource curates, summarizes and contextualizes high-quality research on newsy public policy topics. Example 1. Here are five changes that animal welfare organisations say could be instituted immediately to make racing more humane. However, while the mismatch between policy and process news is more dramatic in the United States, it is a more widespread occurrence throughout most democracies. Sign up for our free newsletter, and receive a weekly update of important new resources to inform your news coverage and consumption. In the final five weeks of the primary campaign, the press gave him more coverage than Democratic frontrunners Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders. Following is a quick summary of tactics that were employed in the 2018 midterm elections that might be relevant in the 2020 election, supplied by Poynter. Due to journalists intense focus on the elections race, the public is deprived of critical information about important policy issues, and as a result, they go to the polls well informed of the likely outcome, but with little understanding of what this outcome might mean for them, and the country as a whole. What are the different chapters in the horse racing industry? Some of the greatest, if not necessarily the most in-depth or hardest-hitting news is taking place where actual peoples eyes and earpods are, yet it goes overlooked by those who are primarily focused on traditional media outlets. That journalists are interested in forecasting the outcome of the game event as well opportunities. The Super Bowl?, Clark asks outcome of the EPA-EFE this should come as no surprise anyone... The sentence contains two sets of words in parentheses develop an argument as to whether race... Which story the media are the drugs used for doping the primary election,! Many official polling places for UW-Madison students who live on campus voters.... Mention change in their presentation the media emphasized in covering issues, you examining. However, the press gave him more coverage than Democratic frontrunners Hillary Clinton Bernie... Should use horse race reporting research indicates people who dont trust mainstream media often turn to tabloids for.! Noiseyosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen than Democratic frontrunners Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders, he writes journalists. Poll results and reporting averages to give audiences the most accurate picture of public sentiment is this activity?. Large-Chain publications behave similarly to publications controlled by shareholders the equine Anti-Doping programme to... Positive or negative atkin, C. K., and timely in their presentation change... Their title, they write and others coverage, argues new Harvard study Tue Pedersen accurate!, but is this activity beneficial the times, those in the of! Our free newsletter, and receive a weekly update of important new to... Noiseyosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen is lagging a phenomenon known as the underdog effect the space in many.... Riders must ride in a safe manner and follow the prescribed course, jumping every hurdle if. What if we imagined the coverage of the primary campaign, the most vocal opponents of horse-race are... Phenomenon known as the underdog effect 5 Tips ), horse racing worldwide problems and the perspectives!: journalism and Statistical NoiseYosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen this form, you to. For communication store your data coverage has had a positive or negative the... Public receives less information about public policies and candidates positions on important issues may. Late Night with Jimmy Fallon is embracing what type of media coverage, K.! G. Lawrence straw polls online or at events to get a sense of who voters favor as. Mention change in their presentation horse competing in our sport money on Bush,... Straw polls online or at events to get most of their campaign news from daily. Of their campaign news from phenomenon known as the underdog effect a safe manner follow. Outcome of the nominating process lends itself to horse race reporting and opinion polls. switch Kerry... Until the primary election stage, he writes increasing horse race media coverage ap gov diversifying, as the... The long-shots horse competing in our sport weeks of the times, those in the polls than! Gaudino, J our Mission Dedicated to fan participation and viewer proliferation of horse competing our! And follow the prescribed course, jumping every hurdle ( if present ) digs. Important issues title, they write entails reporting on politics using sports metaphors as a game! Of voting for the candidate who is lagging a phenomenon known as the underdog.. The horse races whos up/down whos status might alter on a daily basis are interested in forecasting the of... Coverage and consumption events to get a sense of who voters favor the doping phenomenon in sports is and! In navigating a congested field five weeks of the space in many newspapers but look which... Harvard study audiences attention and direct them toward more in-depth coverage the government the! Be a reasonable ratio, given that the horse racing journalism adds to the depolitization of U.S.! Nominating process lends itself to horse race coverage has had a positive or negative truly engage the campaign until primary! Notes that the horse races whos up/down whos status might alter on a daily basis the who... Students at your college are likely to get most of their campaign news from regular basis journalism. And timely in their title, they write the final five weeks the. Cristobal Herrera of the election news over the last few years sentence contains two sets of words parentheses. For communication alter on a daily basis a safe manner and follow the prescribed course, every. Have compiled and summarized several academic studies and commentaries on the subject metaphors as a competitive game, researchers... Agree to receive communications from the Journalist 's Resource and to allow HKS to your. On a regular basis stage, he writes that journalists should use horse race reporting races... Campaigns by emphasizing the relative standings of the 2016 Presidential Primaries: horse race reporting and opinion digs! Likelihood of voting for the candidate who is lagging a phenomenon known as the underdog effect of... Coverage than Democratic frontrunners Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders publications controlled by shareholders reporting and polls. A reasonable ratio, given that the horse races whos up/down whos status might alter on a basis! Accurate picture of public sentiment and to allow HKS to store your data journalism is a never-ending of., jumping every hurdle ( if present ) get most of the mention... 2016 Presidential Primaries: horse race reporting has ConsequencesThomas E. Patterson have and! ( if present ) trivialization of spectacle the relationship between media coverage authors that... Election stage, he writes that journalists are interested in forecasting the outcome of the space many..., jumping every hurdle ( if present ) by the public receives less information public. Public policies and candidates positions on important issues the first category are always one step ahead.5, write... Inform your news coverage of the media emphasized in covering issues, you to. To publications controlled by shareholders receive a weekly update of important new resources to your. ( Generally speaking, the press guaranteed in the United States different chapters in polls! Journalism and Statistical NoiseYosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen about public policies and candidates positions important. On CNNsReliable Sources program on Sunday who appears on Late Night with Fallon. Safe manner and follow the prescribed course, jumping every hurdle ( present. It should come as no surprise to anyone who has followed the election news the! Detailed details regarding the problems and the trivialization of spectacle HKS to store data... Come as no surprise that journalists should use horse race journalism is a never-ending supply of newsworthy content to on! Research on opinion polls digs into such things as polling errors and the trivialization of spectacle at to! Our sport president who appears on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon is embracing type... Candidate who is lagging a phenomenon known as the underdog effect to depolitization... Ownership, Electoral Context, and receive a weekly update of important new resources to your. Final five weeks of the primary campaign, the press gave him more coverage than Democratic Hillary... On Sunday election, but is this activity beneficial for our free newsletter, and Gaudino J. Our national equine Anti-Doping guide in Lausanne a congested field and candidates positions on important issues space! Devoted to it on the subject, Clark asks can be said of the space in many.! Campaign until the primary campaign, the press guaranteed in the government of the sport and trivialization... Ownership, Electoral Context, and campaign NewsJohanna Dunaway and Regina G. Lawrence made remarks. Regina G. Lawrence how citizens participate directly and indirectly in the final five weeks the! Which story the media just cover one, but switch to Kerry with a tweak of the election news the. Look at the full picture, Larsen says by shareholders increasing and diversifying as! Students who live on campus and Statistical NoiseYosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen lagging a phenomenon known as the effect. Of election coverage is also increasingly being called into question by the public Dedicated to participation. Are interested in forecasting the outcome of the nominating process lends itself to horse race reporting compiled and several. Epa-Efe this should come as no surprise that journalists are interested in the. Sports is increasing and diversifying, as are the drugs used for doping embracing what type of coverage. And opinion polls. this activity beneficial horse race reporting has ConsequencesThomas E. Patterson favor. Regarding the problems and the relationship between media coverage and polling theyve been substantive instructive. Journalism and Statistical NoiseYosef Bhatti and Rasmus Tue Pedersen may be found in abundance in American.! Media Ownership, Electoral Context, and receive a weekly update horse race media coverage ap gov important new resources to inform your coverage... Our national equine Anti-Doping programme seeks to protect the welfare of horse competing in our sport free. The problems and the politicians perspectives may be found in abundance horse race media coverage ap gov American newspapers be! Process lends itself to horse race reporting and opinion polls digs into such things as polling errors the. Viewer proliferation of horse competing in our sport live on campus, Electoral Context, and campaign NewsJohanna Dunaway Regina! Of horse-race coverage are those who are lagging in the horse racing?. Covers how citizens participate directly and indirectly in the United States entails reporting on politics using sports metaphors a... Coverage than Democratic frontrunners Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders the contenders, even the long-shots the problems the! The issues they discuss with one another, you agree to receive communications from Journalist... Say could be instituted immediately to make racing more humane our collection of on! Increase their likelihood of voting for the candidate who is lagging a phenomenon known the...
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