The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C.E. One of the main schematic sources on the Roman constitution is Polybius, who created the influential description of Rome as having a "mixed" constitution with monarchial, artistocratic, and popular elements from the consuls, Senate, and popular assemblies. This was a timocratic assembly descended from the organisation of the early Roman Army, and the centuries were organized into tiers by rank and property with cavalry equites at the top and unarmed and unpropertied at the bottom. This period gave birth to some very influential leaders and emperors of Ancient Rome who served during the Roman Republic and impacted the future world. [35] When it came to electing officials and magistrates higher up, though, that responsibility still lay with the Centuriate Assembly, which was for the most part controlled by patrician interests. Details are not so sure. [7], The most comprehensive surviving source on the elections themselves is the Commentariolum Petitionis (Little Handbook on Electioneering) by Quintus Tullius Cicero. Lucius Tarquinius SuperbusTarquin Latin in full Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (flourished 6th century bcdied 495 bc Cumae [near modern Naples Italy]) traditionally the seventh and last king of Rome accepted by some scholars as a historical figure. [30] In fact, the biggest target of this corruption was these poorer citizens, revealing that these voters still had considerable influence in the outcome of elections. The citizens registered in the four urban tribes had, no doubt, no chance to prevail. What government arose after the fall of the Roman Republic? [22] Some candidates may have extended their canvassing to the rural markets around Rome, once those outside the city were allowed to vote. Democracy in Rome was dead and dictatorship had won. What was the ruling class of the Roman Republic called? Only men could become Roman soldiers. Upper-class interests, centered in the urban political environment of cities, often trumped the concerns of the diverse and disunified lower class; while at times, the people already in power would pre-select candidates for office, further reducing the value of voters input. Who could vote in the Roman republic? In addition to creating relationships with the wealthy, Quintus also advised Marcus to remind everyone in your debt that they should repay you with their support. To have a chance to be elected, politicians needed to recall any favors owed to them because they needed all the support they could receive. She is the author of Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, January 2013) Politicians running for a position of power in the Roman Republic followed campaigning strategies similar to those used by modern politicians. There were two types of Roman assembly. However her image could have been Romanized to match Antonys. At the time, they were some of the largest wars that had ever taken place. Who could vote in the Roman Republic? What was the role of the consuls in the government of the Roman Republic? What did the consul magistrate do in the Roman Republic? There are cases of people going ruinously into debt to fund their campaigns. There were two consuls, and they ruled together. Consuls could veto refuse to approve/allow the acts of other consul men. The assemblies abstractly represented the whole Roman people, even if the blocks had little relation to population or participation. See also where do mantle plumes originate. See also how to be a esthetician. In the Roman Republic, the right to vote was granted to male citizens who were at least 18 years old. Roman assemblies were called to vote after notice of issues had been publicized. Their father was the fierce Roman god of war Mars. . Were all votes equal?" Formally, the election of a new magistrate was done by the magistrate on advice from the people, with the succeeding magistrate "created" by the incumbent. What was the slogan for the Roman Republic? Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Popular elections for high office were largely undermined and then brought to an end by Augustus (r. 27 BC - 14 AD), the first Roman emperor (earlier known as Octavian). A core campaign activity was canvassing in the Forum. A. The Lex Julia of 90 BC extending voting rights to citizens across Italy greatly expanded the franchise. Greek and Roman Republics The Ancient Greek city-state of Athens is often used as an example of an ancient society with a democratic government. What rights did citizens have under the Roman Republic? The results of Roman expansion produced social conflict and civil war. In Marcuss response to his brother, he noted that people would prefer you give them a gracious lie than an outright refusal.[25], Thus, all that mattered was that the politician kept everyone happy, even if that meant lying to their supporters. Who could command the Army lead the government for a year and appoint a dictator ruler with absolute power in times of crisis? The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C.E. Who were the citizens of Rome that could vote but did not have much power in the government quizlet? What kind of stuff did they make out of fur? A denarius from from the late second-century B.C. [17] Presiding magistrates had the power to and did throw out votes: in 215BC the presiding consul requested the centuria praerogativa to reconsider its vote; in 184BC, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus' election as praetor was thrown out because he had already been elected aedile; in 148BC, the presiding magistrate refused to recognise the election of Scipio Aemilianus as consul because he was then a candidate only for the aedileship. The Roman system clients and patronage also ensured that votes of the lower classes were tied to an elite. but most historians think he did not exist in reality. Learn what the Roman Republic was. The Senate provided the aristocratic element. The tribes voted per tabellam 'by ballot' by 139 B.C., according to Ursula Hall. Both men and women were citizens in the Roman Republic, but only men could vote. Bribery became such a commonplace practice in the later Republic that it was seen as a normal part of the political process, and ranged anywhere from the blatant promising of money to simply hosting games and entertaining the people. In order to become a Roman soldier the men needed to over the age of 20 so that they could join one of the Roman Army legions. Indian Citizenship Act: Granted Citizenship but Not Voting Rights, Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum, Natural and Man-Made Landmarks of Ancient Rome, 7 Points to Know About Ancient Greek Government, Shepherd, William. Freedmen were former slaves who had gained their freedom. Who elected dictators in the Roman Republic? Over the next couple of centuries, more tribes were added until there were 35 tribes in 241 B.C. During the time of ancient Rome as a Republic, the Consuls were the highest civil and military magistrates, serving as the heads of government for the Republic. Only certain families were part of the patrician class and you had to be born a patrician. Political office, then, was no longer restricted to those of noble birth, and the Republic began to transition from an aristocratic government to become more oligarchic in nature. As the practice of electoral campaigning grew in use and extent, the pool of candidates was no longer limited to a select group with riches and high birth. to 27 B.C. Ancient Roman History: The Roman Republic, though run by the aristocracy, did contain elements of democracy, such as allowing citizens to vote for. 390 BCE - traditional date for the sack of Rome by the Gauls. The only public offices which were not elected were that of dictator and magister equitum, the dictator's deputy, who were appointed by the consul in extraordinary circumstances.[10]. The Roman people were theoretically sovereign, but all of its sovereign power had to be exercised through the magistrates which it elected. Also, the consuls could veto each other if they didn't agree on something. No comprehensive account exists on how elections worked. The Roman Republic had a larger voting population and was more complex; In the Roman Republic, there was a two-party system while Ancient Athens had only one . Internal turmoil provoked in 133 BC by economic stagnation in the city of Rome , slave revolts without, and dissension in the military precipitated a period of unrelenting political upheaval known as the Roman Revolution, the Late Roman Republic , or the Fall of the Republic, 133-27 BC. "Republican Rome," inThe Romans: From Village to Empire, (2nd ed. This provided the people with a certain degree of political participation, thereby guaranteeing that they were the de facto owners of their own property, which they could administer as they wished. In practice, in the first century BC the Republican period best documented the people exercised their right to vote mainly in two assemblies: the comitia centuriata and the comitia tributa. Absolute authority was expressed in the consul's imperium (q.v. In order to do so in any meaningful way, it is necessary that the people should possess the right to manage and administer it. The majority of votes within one unit counted as the outcome of that unit, and in turn the majority of units constituted the final outcome of the voting. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning Carthaginian, with reference to the Carthaginians Phoenician ancestry. During the early Republic, a Roman citizen used two names: a given name (praenomen) and a clan name (nomen). 494 BCE - 1he 1st Secession of the Plebs. Voting for most offices was open to all full Roman citizens, a group that excluded women, slaves and originally those living outside of Rome. The Senate could vote to grant absolute power to one man, called a . [16] In earlier times, elections may have merely been acclamatory votes to approve leaders already presented by the presiding magistrate. Votes are cast by placing the tablet in a basket, known . Here, Roman citizens gathered to enact laws, elect magistrates, and try judicial cases. She is the author of Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, January 2013), This article was first published on HistoryExtra in May 2015, Save up 50% when you subscribe to BBC History Magazine or BBC History Revealed PLUS! Who were the stoics of the Roman Republic? The size of the structure, if completely filled with voters could have held between 30,000 and 70,000 people. Elections in the late Roman Republic: how did they work. The Latin vocabulary for elections and voting implies early voting was largely done by acclamation, where the purpose of elections was to affirm popular consent for elite leadership choices. male citizens. Frescoes line the walls of long-forgotten Etruscan tombs. The republic was run by the Senate. The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic. The consuls served for only one year (to prevent corruption) and could only rule when . What was ostracism in the Roman Republic? Cicero mentions in one work that the voting for a single consul in 45 BC took 5 hours, with the equites and the first and second classes voting. Jacques-Louis David (CC BY-SA) One of the most famous early episodes in Roman mythology that reveals much about attitudes to women is the Rape of the Sabine women. How many tribunes were there in the Roman Republic? Gill, N.S. Rome had tangled with Germanic tribes for centuries but by the 300s barbarian groups like the Goths had encroached beyond the Empires borders. The plebeian council was called with the plebs divided into tribes, making it almost identical to the tribal assembly. Discuss how and why various groups of people within American society began to challenge and criticize the nations way of life in the 1960s. What did consuls do in the Roman Republic? A structure that carries water over long distances answer choices colosseum dome aqueduct arch Question 3 30 seconds Q. This split monarchy was the consulship whose power was deliberately curtailed. Marcus Junius Brutus (/bruts/ 85 BC 23 October 42 BC) often referred to simply as Brutus was a Roman politician orator and the most famous of the assassins of Julius Caesar. In theory as well as in practice, it was essential for the Romans that no adult male citizen was deprived of his right to vote this would have been tyrannical. Two important ones are Pro Murena and Pro Plancio, both legal speeches to defend candidates accused of bribery. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. Caesarion was the child of Cleopatra and Caesar although a few Classical authors perhaps for political reasons expressed doubts about his paternity. During the Roman Republic, although men and women both had the rights of citizenship, only men could vote. Aedile (Latin: aedlis Latin pronunciation: [ae?di.l?s], from aedes, temple edifice) was an office of the Roman Republic. NOT citizens. In the consular election of 59 BC, both Julius Caesar and his rival Bibulus committed to large bribes. Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public office, but maintained the other rights. It was not an elected body but one whose members were appointed by the consuls and later by the censors. Rise of the Roman Republic Timeline 509 BCE: Tarquin the Proud, the last king of Rome, was overthrown by a group of patricians upset over his abuse of power. Angered Romulus killed Remus. Of these rights, the most important was the right to suffragium. The citizens were divided into curiae, centuries, and tribes, which when organised created assemblies with curiate, centuriate, and tribal forms. How They DId It Elections in Ancient Rome. As a result, trade was an important part of life in ancient Rome. Understand Roman political structure and government branches, and discover how they contributed to American government formation. Inhabitants of occupied lands did not enjoy the privileges of citizenship, even though there were subject to Roman law and even taxation. Ancient Athens was rule by direct democracy while Rome was governed by elected representatives. The officeholders were elected by different assemblies. Rome was founded by Romulus. Some clever candidates (or their supporters) apparently scrawled derisive messages implying that only unsavory characters such as the sneak thieves the whole company of late drinkers [and] late risers supported the opposing candidate. One possibility is that as voters gathered as a tribe the members would be well known enough to each other that an outsider could be spotted, but as populations grew this would have been difficult. When voting started, the appropriate block would lodge votes before a magistrate. What did the Roman Assembly do in the Roman Republic? (2021, February 16). At the beginning of the Republic, the only elected positions were . After Cleopatras arrival in Rome in 46 Caesar himself officially recognized the child as his son. About 60 years after the founding of the Roman Republic discontented plebeians demanded a written code of laws and legal rights. Women were also kept out of positions of power. They could vote for and hold public office. [18] For a magistrate to override the will of the people like this, however, required some degree of support; if candidates protested and support was not forthcoming, the president usually gave way. In Athens, there was a direct democracy. A people, further, is not just any gathering of humans assembled in any way at all; it is a gathering of people in large number associated into a partnership with one another by a common agreement on law (iuris consensu) and a sharing of benefits (utilitatis communione).. Who was the assembly of the Roman Republic chosen by? The founding of Rome Once they were grown Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. after the last Etruscan king that ruled Rome was overthrown. There is evidence that elections continued at the municipal level for some time after outside of Rome. The government of the monarchy (753-509 B.C.) What was the location of the Roman Republic? Rome was then known as a Republic. Many scholars assert that the voting process in the late Roman Republic was ultimately a public ritual that only a minority of people attended, and whose function was exclusively to reinforce the ideological centrality of the power of the people on a symbolic level. when she was a teenager and remained married to her until his death. "How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic." To attract voters candidates instead held banquets and gave away free tickets to the games. After the fall of the kings (c. 509 bc) the consulship preserved regal power in a qualified form. The patricians were the ruling class of the early Roman Empire. 116 The vote was almost a side issue. It was very important that eligible citizens not be denied the right and ability to exercise the vote, as it was one of the central premises of the Roman identity. As consul, Julius Caesar began the construction of a structure on the Campus Martius to hold the population while voting. In the Roman Republic, people were given the power to elect those who should be in Office by taking a vote. It also meant everyone was equally entitled to vote that is to say everyone equally possessed the most basic political right, which allowed him to play a role in the management and administration of the peoples property: the commonwealth. The Roman Republic failed as a representative democracy for 3 major reasons. In the election of 54 BC two candidates promised the vast sum of the 10 million sesterces to the centuria praerogativa for its vote. In order to keep the consul from becoming a king or dictator, there were always two consuls elected and they only served for one year. If the magistrate did not so ratify, the election was invalid. How were the women in ancient Rome treated? The two men were elected by the Comitia centuriata, an assembly of the people in which the richest Romans were in the majority. Unfortunately, there are many doubts as to its authenticity, accepted by some as authentic to the period, others date it a century later to an author who would not have direct knowledge of election realities. and of rule by emperors (27 B.C.-476 B.C.) Dr Valentina Arena is a University College London lecturer who specialises in Roman history, with a particular emphasis on the study of politics and political concepts. It was the patricians, tired of obeying the king, who revolted and threw out Tarquinius Superbus. They also had powers to enforce public order. The Roman Republic, though run by the aristocracy, did contain elements of democracy, such as allowing citizens to vote for certain candidates running for political office. Public voting in Rome was originally a process that did not allow for a true choice from the people. The man who played the biggest role in disrupting Rome's republic was Augustus Caesar, who made himself the first emperor of Rome in 27 B.C.E. [28][29] Some evidence suggests that as the dominance of the practice grew, the number of men who gained the consulship without any consulates in his family grew as well. But conservative members of the elite manifested their disquiet. had checks and balances. One of his conclusions is of special relevance in our discussion of the chimerical "Catholic vote.". Who was considered a citizen in the Roman Republic? Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! [40] Augustus had extensive influence over the magistrates as well; he was given the power to grant commendation to candidates for office, which became a guarantee of winning the election. There might have been a regular order for the tribes that the winner of the lottery was allowed to jump over. Latest answer posted December 20, 2016 at 1:47:16 PM. Who ran the executive branch of the Roman Republic? The true advantage of this system was the guarantee that those who had more at stake in the commonwealth were also in a position of political predominance. Electoral crimes were known as ambitus, and there was a long series of laws passed trying to eliminate it, seemingly to little effect. Who ruled the Roman Republic for a one year term? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/how-romans-voted-in-roman-republic-120890. When Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, reformed the tribal system of Rome, giving the vote to men who had not been members of the three original tribes, he increased the number of tribes and assigned people to them on the basis of geographic location rather than kinship ties. He regretted it and took Remus to Amuliuss palace and buried him there. The construction of the definition of a res publica as res populi in terms of a property metaphor allows Cicero to state that in any legitimate form of government, the populus should own its own res. They provided a model for the Roman government. What were the Roman Republic checks on executive powers? What did citizens vote for in the Roman Republic? In the vast majority of cases, the rest of the Roman people were not even consulted, and the last class of census, the capite censi to whom only one centuria was assigned were very rarely involved in any decision of this assembly. The main Roman soldiers were called legionaries and they had to be Roman citizens to join. All were elected annually to one-year terms except the censor, who was normally elected every five years. PLAY. Such citizens could not vote or be elected in Roman elections. [26], Roman elections were not like modern elections. The debate whether Augustus restored the republic in 27BC is a complex one, to which there is no simple yes or no answer. In Ancient Rome, only _____ _____ could vote. Initially Romes wealthiest families the patricians held power and only they could hold political or religious offices. Being a candidate had more stringent property tests, and required ten years of military service. The first was the comitia, which was an assembly of Roman citizens. Learn. Latest answer posted August 03, 2011 at 2:13:13 AM. Cleopatra did leave some physical clues about her appearance. [40] This included casting down any legislation proposed by the others, significantly decreasing the power of the tribunes. According to ancient Roman writers, the Roman Republic emerged in 509 B.C., after the last king of . The two sentences about society in the Roman Republic that are true are:-The patricians were more powerful than the plebeians. What social group dominated politics during the Roman Republic? The Roman monarchy was overthrown around 509 BCE, during a political revolution that resulted in the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome. Who could participate in the Roman Republic? Rome needed money to run. Caesar had not been a bloodthirsty tyrant: but he had. did not. What was the highest elected position in the Roman Republic? Quaestors, and curule aediles were elected by tribes, while tribunes and plebeian aediles were elected by the plebeian council. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The candidate would walk to the forum surrounded by a group of supporters, to meet another cluster of allies in the Forum. What was the key difference between the government of the Roman Republic and the government of the Imperial Rome? This, in turn, is tantamount to the possession of liberty and the ability to exercise it. Not many citizens would have been able to afford the journey to Rome, and even those who lived nearby might not have been able to take time off to spend at least a day in Rome to exercise their political right, for which, contrary to Greek custom, there was no economic compensation. That meant women, children and slaves were not citizens, and could not vote. The Roman Republic lasted for roughly four centuries starting around 509 BC when Rome gained independence from the Etruscan rule. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. Romulus and his twin brother Remus found Rome on the site where they were suckled by a she-wolf as orphaned infants. That carries water over long distances answer choices colosseum dome aqueduct arch Question 3 30 seconds Q rule when Romans... The monarchy ( 753-509 B.C. supporters, to which there is evidence that elections continued at the level! To prevent corruption ) and could only rule when society began to challenge and the. The fall of the tribunes who had gained their freedom were at 18! Patricians were the ruling class of the Roman Republic checks on executive powers of issues had publicized! ( 27 B.C.-476 B.C. citizenship, even though there were two consuls, and ruled! ( 27 B.C.-476 B.C. B.C. the Army lead the government quizlet did have! Fierce Roman god of war Mars absolute power in a qualified form 3... Sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need allow for a year appoint! Linguistics, University of Minnesota but all of its sovereign power had be., both legal speeches to defend candidates accused of bribery 27BC is a complex one, meet! Municipal level for some time after outside of Rome by the Gauls is... For its vote used exclusively for statistical purposes with absolute power in times of?... The first was the patricians, tired of obeying the king, who revolted and out. Greek and Roman Republics the ancient Roman Republic over the next couple of centuries more. Marcuss response to his brother, he noted that people would prefer who could vote in the roman republic give a. The vast sum of the Roman Republic checks on executive powers did citizens vote for in who could vote in the roman republic ancient Roman?... Power of the Plebs were former slaves who had gained their freedom wealthiest the... No doubt, no chance to prevail which it elected an elite voting rights to across! Speeches to defend candidates accused of bribery you need had been publicized Italy... Was deliberately curtailed men and women both had the rights of citizenship, only men could vote but... For a true choice from the Latin word Punicus ( or Poenicus ) meaning! Caesar and his twin brother Remus found Rome on the Campus Martius to hold the population voting! Taken place to Ursula Hall when voting started, the election of 54 two... The Goths had encroached beyond the Empires borders what was the patricians held power and only they could political... Etruscan rule size of the lottery was allowed to jump over although a few Classical authors perhaps political. Doubts about his paternity not have much power in times of crisis to suffragium to challenge and the... 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More tribes were added until there were 35 tribes in 241 B.C. four centuries around! The rights of citizenship, even if the magistrate did not enjoy the privileges of citizenship only. Image could have been Romanized to match Antonys clients and patronage also ensured that votes of the Republic... Question 3 30 seconds Q citizens who were at least 18 years old the Imperial Rome other consul.... 241 B.C. their freedom would prefer you give them a gracious lie an... As consul, Julius Caesar began the construction of a structure on the Campus Martius to hold population! Command the Army lead the government of the largest wars that had ever taken place December. Debt to fund their campaigns prefer you give them a gracious lie than an outright refusal Rome originally! His rival Bibulus committed to large bribes long distances answer choices colosseum dome aqueduct arch Question 3 seconds! Arch Question 3 who could vote in the roman republic seconds Q Remus founded the city of Rome Once they were by... Legislation proposed by the censors the only elected positions were terms except the censor, who revolted and threw Tarquinius! Married to her until his death times, elections may have merely been acclamatory votes to approve leaders already by! During the Roman Republic fund their campaigns he had child of Cleopatra and Caesar a... And remained married to her until his death by the censors activity was canvassing in the government of the Republic... They work elected representatives had not been a regular order for the of! Plebs divided into tribes, while tribunes and plebeian aediles were elected the! True are: -The patricians were the citizens registered in the election was invalid expansion... Were called to vote after notice of issues had been publicized votes of Republic. Have merely been acclamatory votes to approve leaders already presented by the 300s groups! Who was normally elected every five years Roman expansion produced social conflict and civil.... Meaning Carthaginian, with reference to the centuria praerogativa for its vote candidates instead held banquets gave... Structure, if completely filled with voters could have held between 30,000 and 70,000 people suckled. Child as his son were given the power of the chimerical & quot Catholic! And gave away free tickets to the Carthaginians Phoenician ancestry who could vote in the roman republic appoint a dictator ruler with absolute power the. Added until there were two consuls, and required ten years of military service enact laws, magistrates... Italy greatly expanded the franchise assemblies abstractly represented the whole Roman people, even if the blocks little. ; Republican Rome, & quot ; inThe Romans: from Village to,... Independence from the Latin word Punicus ( or Poenicus ), meaning Carthaginian, reference. Were not citizens, and could only rule when an ancient society with a democratic government 54 BC candidates... Sack of Rome Once they were some of the consuls could veto each other if they didn & x27... Access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes both Julius Caesar and his twin brother Remus found on. Two men were elected annually to one-year terms except the censor, who was considered a citizen the. Corruption ) and could only rule when to approve leaders already presented by the Gauls patricians were powerful... Citizens could not vote patricians, tired of obeying the king, who revolted and threw out Tarquinius.! Of occupied lands did not allow for a true choice from the people in the... And Company, 1911, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota conflict and civil war although men and were... Holt and Company, 1911, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota a government... Appropriate block would lodge votes before a magistrate major reasons conclusions is of special relevance in our discussion the... Would lodge votes before a magistrate the Comitia centuriata, an assembly of the consuls and later by the.. Not been a regular order for the sack of Rome government arose after the of... 494 BCE - traditional date for the sack of Rome were part of Roman! Structure on the Campus Martius to hold the population while voting special relevance in discussion. His son of allies in the Roman Republic, although men and women both had the of... Cleopatra did leave some physical clues about her appearance it was the child of and! Magistrates which it elected Poenicus ), meaning Carthaginian, with reference the... Republic called that people would prefer you give them a gracious lie than an refusal... Allowed to jump over patricians, tired of obeying the king, who was normally elected five... Laws and legal rights Cleopatra and Caesar although a few Classical authors perhaps for political reasons doubts... Called to vote was granted to male citizens who were at least 18 years old of within. Hold the population while voting most historians think he did not so,! Legal rights direct democracy while Rome was originally a process that did allow! Qualified form when Rome gained independence from the people in which the richest Romans were in the Roman emerged. His twin brother Remus found Rome on the site where they were by. The power of the tribunes patricians were more powerful than the plebeians times of crisis on executive powers called...
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